Social Contract Theory and Cultural Relativism Essay

Thomas Hobbes’s social contract theory is minimally related to that of cultural relativism. Both deal with human nature and the search for peace. But while cultural relativism is in some ways a noteworthy theory, the social contract theory is the only one of the two that could logically work in an active environment. Cultural relativism theorizes that the best way for different societies to function together at peace is for them to recognize that each culture must be allowed its own system of beliefs. One individual may believe that his or her culture’s belief system is the one true way. Is there any way to absolutely prove that that person’s morals are not correct? Not in the cultural relativist view. Cultural relativism states†¦show more content†¦Therefore, we can state, as James Rachels does on page 24, â€Å"there is no objective ‘truth’ in morality. Right and wrong are only matters of opinion, and opinions vary from culture to culture.† Since no differing beliefs may be considered right and wrong, the only solution is to let cultural relativism take effect. Any rational people understanding this theory will realize that their beliefs are considered to be true merely because it is their own culture’s beliefs. Others’ views must be held just as high as their own even though the two are not in agreement. Ideally, cultural relativism could allow this kind of understanding recognition between societies to develop and bring about coexistent peace. In reality, however, this can never be achieved to its supposedly full potential. This view of cultural relativism would theoretically work if everyone would cooperate like this. Sure, it sounds wonderful: two different cultures can put aside their differences and live in peace and balance together to make the world a better place where everybody gets along and will live happily ever after. But – here is where the nasty part comes in – humans are apt to disagreements no matter what. Of course, many would adhere to culturally relativistic beliefs if this theory were somehow globally instated, but there are too many trivial issues in the theory that would still be left open for more argument. It does not follow, â€Å"from the mere fact that people disagree† (Rachels 24),Show MoreRelatedAct Utilitarian1168 Words   |  5 PagesDefinition of Social Contract Ethics Social contract ethics is the â€Å"state of nature† that we are living in. According to Waller (2005) Thomas Hobbes describes social contract ethics â€Å"as life in the state of nature is â€Å"war of all against all† and in the state of nature life is â€Å"nasty, brutal and short† (p.64). We are didn’t have to sign a contract to be a part of this we are born into it. Life is not what we sign up for it is what we come to know and learn. Example of Social Contract Ethics RaceRead MoreEthics And The Principles Of Ethics1608 Words   |  7 Pagespart of human beings for over five thousand years yet the development of specific concepts and theories were not realized until around 400 B.C.E. with the ancient Greek philosophers (Argosy University, 2015). Since this time, ethics have been thoroughly examined and developed throughout the course of history; the results of which continue to change and evolve as our understanding of ethics and cultural views evolve. Although we may not always realize it, ethics are something that we all contendRead MoreEthnocentrism1047 Words   |  5 Pages(Ethnocentrism vs. Cultural Relativism) As a Sociologist, should we practice Cultural Ethnocentrism or Cultural Relativism? We must first understand the two distinct theories regarding perception of outside cultures: Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism. 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Moreover, the two ethical theories I will use to carry out this analysis involve the Harm Principle and Moral Relativism. Both ethical theories can support the pro and con side, so I will be using both as I look at each side of the debate. Using the principles outlined in the Harm Principle and Moral Relativism, I will analyze the morality of capital punishment and access which side the theories gravitate towards. To begin, I will analyze the international underdogRead MoreA Good Deed Of The Elephants1639 Words   |  7 Pageselephant that is hurting or killing humans, but that solution should be temporary until villagers find a better method to cope with the elephants. Delving deeper into Africa lies the nation of Tanzania, and its government also follows suit with the theory of utilitarianism. The government is holding a large stockpile of ivory tusks from decades of collecting (DocuMatForEdu1, 2016). All the tusks range in size, so the tusks were taken from elephants of all sizes, from youngling to mature adults. TheseRead MoreEthics : Discovering Right And Wrong1331 Words   |  6 PagesKenya Ramirez October 11, 2015 Philosophy 122-2374 Professor Price Objectivism Over Relativism In Ethics: Discovering Right and Wrong, Pojman states that morality refers to the actions we take either right or wrong. This paper should analyze the favor of moral objectivism and the rejection of ethical relativism. According to Pojman, â€Å"Ethical relativism holds that moral rightness and wrongness of actions varies from society to society or individual to individual.† (p.19) That is, what is consideredRead MoreEthics Is A Central Component Of The Way Things1313 Words   |  6 Pagesinteractions that make a business successful, calmer, more productive, and more focused than those that are unethical. By creating a highly coordinated and stable society that will require a lot of ethical people by working together. Personal success or social stability or something greater is the key in religious traditions for eternal life. Some religious belief is that life’s good behavior leads to rewards in the next life. But in Ethics there are many different views on what is g ood or bad behaviorRead MoreA Relativist Is More Tolerant?1314 Words   |  6 PagesA Relativist is more tolerant because he or she does not impinge upon people an absolute standard of right and wrong by which to compare and contrast morally contradictory cultural values. A Universalist proposes values that are based on his or her own set of values. This can promote intolerance because it provides a basis to make moral judgments between cultures. This is also an example of ethnocentrism, or judging another culture by the values of one’s own culture. 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World History Chapter Free Essays

You didn’t have to depend on anything, for example if you were a farmer you had to depend on your crops for survival because if the plants died, you could starve to death- Didn’t require much time like farming would- You could easily move around town or country. As for farming you would have to stay in your farm because all of your crop were already planted and it would take much more time to replant. 0 Why was the Neolithic Revolution considered so highly significant? How did the Neolithic Revolution effect gender roles? The Neolithic Revolution was considered so highly significant because at this time people started farming since new technology was being invented, it made things easier. We will write a custom essay sample on World History Chapter or any similar topic only for you Order Now Population grew immensely due to the change of life style from hunting and gathering to farming. The Neolithic Revolution effected gender roles because before anyone started farming the men was the one who would go out and hunt while the woman cooked and gathered the food. But once farming started both gender were able to do the same Job. Compare and contrast homo sapiens and homo erects in regards to surviving. Both Homo erects and Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to various parts of Europe and Asia. It made it easier to migrate around because of low sea levels associated with the Ice Age. Homo sapiens migrated from Africa during a wet period and crossed the land bridge to the Americas during the last glacial period. These migrations were lead by minor physical evolutionary changes such as changes in skin pigmentation. However, humans adapted to their new environments not through biological evolution but through a process of technological adaptation. Compare the slave systems of Mesopotamia empires and Egypt. In Mesopotamia Empires many of role than they would in the later societies of Greece and Rome. They were identified by a distinctive hair style rather than chains or brands, they would have a barber shave off the telltale mark if they were lucky enough to regain their freedom. On the other hand, Slavery in Egypt existed on a limited scale and was of little economic significance. But humane treatment softened the burden of slavery, as did the possibility of being freed. Slavery was not very common or bad in Egypt as it was in he Mesopotamia empires List the indicators of a â€Å"civilization†. 0(1) cities as administrative centers, 0(2) a political system based on defined territory rather than kinship, 0(3) many people engaged in specialized, non-food-producing activities, 0(4) status distinctions based largely on accumulation of wealth, 0(5) monumental building, 0(6) a system for keeping permanent records, 0(7) long-distance trade, and (8) sophisticated interest in science and art. 0 How did the religious beliefs in Mesopotamia and in Egypt reflect the relationships between the environment and the people? How to cite World History Chapter, Papers

U.S. Army 8 Person Funeral Detail free essay sample

The OIC is located where the hearse will stop. RECEIVING THE CASKET C-14. As the hearse approaches, the NCOIC orders the detail to ATTENTION and Present, ARMS. Once the hearse has passed the detail, the NCOIC calls the detail to Order, ARMS and Parade, REST. The OIC comes to attention and present arms as the hearse approaches his position. The OIC terminates his salute when the hearse comes to a halt. C-15. After the vehicle has come to a halt, the driver gets out and opens the rear door. The driver prepares the casket for movement to the gravesite by removing the stock. The driver pulls the casket to the rear of the hearse. The OIC, with a nod of his head, signals the NCOIC to move the pallbearers to the end of the hearse, three on each side, to remove the casket. The NCOIC marches the pallbearers into place, then orders Mark time, MARCH; Detail, HALT and Center, FACE. After the pallbearers are facing inward, the individuals closest to the casket will grasp the handrails and pull the casket from the hearse. Each pallbearer, in turn, grasps a casket handle as it reaches him. The OIC will render a hand salute while the casket is being removed. Moving the Casket C-16. On the NCOICs command of Ready, FACE, the pallbearers will execute the appropriate facing movements so that they are all facing the feet of the casket. The NCOIC orders the detail to Forward, MARCH. Led by the OIC, the pallbearers incline to the proper direction to move to the gravesite, ensuring the casket is level and feet first. Once the casket is over the gravesite, the NCOIC commands Mark Time, MARCH, and Detail, HALT. Once at the head of the gravesite, the OIC will come to render a hand salute until the casket is placed on the lowering device. To maintain uniformity the pallbearer NCOIC will command Center, FACE. When pallbearers are facing center, the casket is set on the lowering device. After the casket is set down, the pallbearers come to attention and the OIC will drop his hand salute. MOVING TO THE WEAPONS C-17. On the command Ready, FACE, by the pallbearer NCOIC, the pallbearers all face toward the head of the casket. The next command is Forward, MARCH. The pallbearer s move from the gravesite to the location of the weapons. Just prior to reaching the stacked arms, the firing party NCOIC, and formerly the pallbearer NCOIC, gives Mark Time, MARCH and Detail, HALT. The firing party NCOIC assumes their position and gives a File from the Left, Forward, MARCH. On the command March the firing party performs the proper movements to form a single file to the rear of the weapons. When the firing party are to the rear of the stacked arms, the NCOIC gives Mark Time, MARCH and Detail HALT, and the appropriate facing movement to face the rifles. Retrieving the Weapons and Conclusion of Religious Services C-18. The next command given is Take, ARMS. On the command of execution, the stack man secures the first two weapons. The left and right soldiers receive the weapons from the stack man. The left and right soldiers then pass the weapons to the outside soldiers. The stack man grasps his center weapon. The left and right soldiers step toward the stack and remove their weapons, returning to the position of Attention. Once the left and right soldiers retrieve their weapons, the stack man secures his weapon and comes to the position of Attention. Once all of the firing party is at Order Arms, the firing party NCOIC gives them Parade, REST. The firing party will remain at Parade Rest until the end of the religious services. Once the religious services are over, the Chaplain steps away from the casket. The OIC steps to the head of the casket and renders a hand salute. This is the signal for the firing party NCOIC to command the firing party ATTENTION. Firing of Honors C-19. After bringing the firing party to Attention, the NCOIC gives the command of Ready. At the command of Ready, each rifleman executes Port Arms, faces Half Right, and moves his right foot to the right ten inches. Each rifleman then chambers a round, places his weapon on Fire, and resumes Port Arms. When the firing party has completed the movements, the firing party NCOIC gives the command Aim. On the command of Aim, the detail shoulders their weapons with the muzzles of the weapons at a 45-degree angle from the horizontal. When the NCOIC commands FIRE, the detail fires and returns to Port Arms. On the subsequent commands of Ready, each rifleman pulls and returns the charging handle of his weapon. After the third round is fired each rifleman resumes Port Arms, and the firing party NCOIC commands CEASE FIRE. Each rifleman places his weapon on Safe, resumes the position of Order Arms, and faces Half Left. The firing party NCOIC then commands Present, ARMS for the playing of Taps. The bugler plays Taps. If a bugler is not available, one soldier is positioned to turn on the high quality recording (and is not part of the firing party). STACKING ARMS C-20. After Taps, the NCOIC brings the firing party to Order, ARMS, and then commands Stack, ARMS. On the command of execution, Arms, the stack man grasps the barrel of his rifle and places his rifle directly in front of him. At the same time, the left and right soldiers grasp the barrels of their respective rifles, step toward the center and insert the muzzles through the sling loop of the stack mans weapon. Both soldiers swing the butts of their rifles out and then down to the ground ensuring the stack is steady. The two outside weapons are then passed to the stack man, who adds them to the stack. RETURNING TO GRAVESITE OR SHELTER C-21. After Stack Arms is complete, the NCOIC moves the firing party two steps backward and gives the appropriate facing movement to have the firing party move back to the gravesite. From this position, the NCOIC will form the firing party in two columns by giving the command Column of Two to the Right, MARCH. Once in Column of Two formation, the NCOIC takes the last position, and gives Forward, MARCH. The firing party marches to the gravesite along either side of the casket. Once at the gravesite the NCOIC gives Mark Time, MARCH, and Detail, HALT. The NCOIC gives Center, FACE, to ensure that all of the pallbearers are facing the casket. FOLDING THE FLAG C-22. After the pallbearers have faced the casket, they use their peripheral vision to take their cues fr om the NCOIC. As a unit, the pallbearers reach down and secure the flag. Once flag is secured, the detail folds flag. The flag is first folded with the lower stripe area over the blue field. It is then folded so that the folded edge meets the open edge. The triangular fold is started at the striped end and is continued until only the blue field remains. The flag margin is then tucked in and the flag is ready for presentation. PRESENTING THE FLAG. C-23. After the flag has been folded, it is passed down to the soldier closest to the right side of the OIC. This soldier executes a Half Left as the OIC executes a Half Right and the flag is then passed to the OIC at, chest level. After the pallbearer has passed the flag, he salutes the flag for three seconds then executes Order Arms. The soldier executes a Half Right as the OIC executes a Half Left and resumes their original position. At this time the pallbearers will leave the gravesite. The NCOIC commands Outward, FACE, (pallbearers face towards the head of the casket) and Forward, MARCH. Once the detail is out of the area, the OIC will present the flag to the next of kin or Chaplain, it next of kin is not available. The OIC recites the following passage: |Maam (sir), this flag is presented on behalf of a grateful nation and the United States Army as a token of appreciation for your loved ones | |honorable and faithful service. | C-24. At the conclusion of the remarks and presentation, the OIC will render a hand salute and hold the salute for three seconds then assumes Order, Arms. OIC then executes marching movement and marches back towards the direction of the pallbearers. CONCLUDING THE CEREMONY C-25. The firing party returns to the location of the stacked arms in the same manner as before. When commanded to Take, ARMS, the party retrieves the rifles in the same manner as before. After retrieving the weapons, the NCOIC marches the detail away from the funeral site to clear and inspect the weapons. The firing party will police all of the brass after the service is over and the next of kin have left the area. The OIC is not required to escort the next of kin back to his/her vehicle. 2 SOLDIER FUNERAL DETAIL RECEIVING THE CASKET C-26. The OIC is located where the hearse will stop. The NCO is to the left of the OIC. As the hearse approaches, the OIC brings himself and the NCO to ATTENTION and Present, ARMS. The OIC gives the command of Order, ARMS, after the hearse has come to a halt. The funeral director is responsible for removing the casket from the hearse and placing it on the lowering device at the gravesite. When the casket is being removed from the hearse, the OIC commands Present, ARMS. Once the casket has cleared the peripheral vision of the OIC, then the OIC commands Order, ARMS, and Parade, REST. CONCLUSION OF RELIGIOUS SERVICES C-27. Once the religious services are over, the Chaplain steps away from the casket. The OIC commands ATTENTION. The OIC commands Ready, FACE, and the OIC and NCO face in the direction of the casket. OIC then commands Forward, MARCH, The OIC marches to the head of the casket, and faces the head of the casket, while the NCO marches to the foot of the casket facing the OIC. If a bugler is not available, the NCO moves to the device that will play the high quality recording of Taps. FOLDING THE FLAG C-28. The OIC gives the command to the NCO to secure flag. Once the flag is secure the bugler will play Taps and both the OIC and NCO execute Present, Arms. When Taps is complete, both the OIC and NCO execute Order, Arms. The OIC gives the command to side step march (just far enough to preclude the flag from touching the casket). Once the OIC and NCO have cleared the casket the OIC nods to begin folding the flag. NOTE: If a bugler is not available, once the casket is on the lowering device, the NCOIC will march to the recording device and wait for the Chaplain to conclude religious services. He will play Taps after the OIC is positioned at the head of the casket. When Taps is complete, the NCOIC will march to the foot of the casket and then assist in folding the flag. C-29. The flag is first folded with the lower stripe area over the blue field. It is then folded so that the folded edge meets the open edge. The triangular fold is started at the striped end and is continued until only the blue field remains. While folding the flag the NCO moves towards the OIC. The flag margin is then tucked in by the OIC and the NCO presents the flag to the OIC. Once the NCO presents the flag to the OIC, the NCO renders the hand salute and holds the salute for three seconds then executes Order, Arms. The OIC is ready for presenting the flag to the next of kin. PRESENTING THE FLAG C-30. After the flag has been folded and passed to the OIC, the OIC then moves in the direction of the next of kin and presents the flag to the next of kin while the NCO marches away from the gravesite. The OIC will present the flag to the Chaplain if the next of kin is not available. The OIC recites the following passage: |Maam (sir), this flag is presented on behalf of a grateful nation and the United States Army as a token of appreciation for your loved ones | |honorable and faithful service. | C-31. At the conclusion of the passage and the flag presentation, the OIC will render a hand salute and hold the salute for three seconds then assumes Order, Arms. OIC then executes a marching movement and marches away from the gravesite. CONCLUDING THE CEREMONY C-32. The OIC is not required to escort the next of kin back to his/her vehicle. NOTES C-33. The meaning of the word gravesite also includes a committal shelter. The meaning of the word casket also includes a receptacle containing the cremated remains of the deceased. On windy days, the flag should already be anchored to the casket by the funeral director. If the flag is not secured, the detail will fold the flag immediately after placing the casket on the lowering device, then hand the flag to the OIC. d